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Articolo
STORIA |
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Articolo
STORIA |
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HISTORY OF ITALY – CHRONOLOGY
ORIGINAL PEOPLES (5.000 B.C.)
5000 B.C. First villages, first trades.
2000 Ligurians and the Illyrians colonize the nordwest, the northeast and the southeast.
2000 – 1000 Italic peoples come from East Europe to Italy and colonize the central part of the country until Sicily. Among them the Latins.
1051 The Greeks strart to colonize the coast of the south (Sicily included).
900 – 800 Birth of the Etruscan civilization.
ROME
753 Legendary foundation of Rome
753 Roman Monarchy (the legendary Seven Kings). Rome begins the unifications of the Italian peninsula.
510 Roma Republic.
270 Rome rules over all of the Italian peninsula.
241 – 38 The Romans seize Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica
222 The Romans seize Milan (founded in 567 by the Gauls).
218 – 203 Hannibal’s invasion.
191 – 170 Ultimate Roman subjugation of the North Italy
101 Invasions of the Cinbrians until the battle of Vercelli.
91 The Italic peoples establish a Nation called Italy (whose capital is Corfinio).
91 – 88 Social War between Rome and Italy. At the end Rome grants the Roman citizenship to all the free citizens of Italy (Rome = Italy).
82 – 79 Silla’s dictatorship.
73 Revolt of the Slaves.
63 – 62 Catilina’s plot.
49 Caesar’s Marsch on Rome.
44 Caesar is killed.
27 Roman Empire.
27 B.C. – 68 A.D. Julio-Claudian Dynasty.
64 First persecution of the Cristians (the persecutions last until 305).
69 Year of the 3 Emperors
69 – 96 Flavian Dynasty
96 – 192 The Antonines.
193 Year of the 4 Emperors.
193 – 235 Severan Dynesty. In 212 Rome grants the Roman citizenship to all the free citizens of the empire (internationalization of the empire).
235 – 305 The “Soldiers Emperors”.
306 – 312 Massentius is emperor in Rome.
312 Battle of the Milvio Bridge: Constantine (Christian) defeats Massenzio (Pagan). Christianization of the empire; the Popes are the heirs of the Roman Empire.
THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE (330-395)
330 Constantin moves the capital from Rome to Constantinople.
395 Ultimate division of the Roman Empire in two parts: West and East.
THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE/BARBARIAN INVASIONS (395-476)
402 The imperial capital moves from Milan to Ravenna.
410 Visigothic sack of Rome
452 Hinnish invasion in North Italy, stopped by Pope Leo I.
455 Valdal sack of Rome.
476 Deposition of the last western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustolus, by Odoacer.
THE ODOACER’S KINDOM AND THE OSTROGOTHIC RULE (476-555)
489 – 493 Theodoric, King of the Ostrogohts, defeats Odoacer and takes Ravenna.
534 – 554 Gothic war. The Eastern Roman Empire destroy the Ostrogothic Kingdom.
THE EASTERN ROMA EMPIRE (555-572)
568 Longobardic invasion.
THE LONGOBARDIC RULE (555-572)
572 The Longobards seize Pavia who becomes the capital of their kingdom.
697 Birth of the Republic of Venice.
755 Birth of the Papal States (=Rome).
THE FRANKISH RULE (774-888) / THE ARAB ROLE
800 Birth of the Holy Roman Empire (Charlemagne).
827 Sicily landing of the Arabs (10.000 soldiers and 700 horses).
831 The Arabs take Palermo (in 902 all of Sicily is in Arab hands).
846 Arab sack of Rome. Emirate of Bari (847-871).
887 End of the Holy Roman Empire.
THE MEDIEVAL KINGDOM OF ITALY (888-962)
888 – 924 King Berengar I. Struggles against 5 pretenders and Hungarian invasions (beginning from 899).
924 – 926 King Rudolph of Burgundy.
926 – 947 King Hugo of Provence.
947 – 950 In 948 Sicily becomes an indipendent Emirate under the Kalbit Dynasty (until 1053).
950 – 962 King Berengar II. Wars with the German King Otto I, who sieges the castle of San Leo (962-64) and takes prisoner Berengar II. End of the indipendent kingdom.
THE GERMAN EMPERORS (962-1044)
962 Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation: the German emperors are (at the same time Kings of Germany ad Kings of Italy).
1002 – 1015 The Italian King Arduin I restores for a short time the Kingdom of Italy.
1027 Arrival of the Normans to Italy.
GERMAN EMPERORS / STRUGGLE EMPIRE-PAPACY / THE FREE CITIES / THE KINGDOM OF SICILY (1044-1198)
1044 Milan become the 1° Italian Free City (“Comune”).
1071 The Normans seize Bari, capital of the Byzantine dominion in South Italy.
1072 The Normans seize Palermo (in 1091 all of Sicily is in Norman hands).
1077 Investiture Conflict between the Pope and the German Emperor.
1085 Norman sack of Rome.
1130 Birth of the Kingdom of Sicily (=South Italy) under the Norman Dynasty. The capital is Palermo. Cristian-Islamic culture (until 1161).
1144 – 1155 Roman Republic.
1162 German destruction of Milan.
1162 Birth of the Republic of Genoa.
1167 Beginning of the clash between the German Emperors and the Free Cities.
1176 Battle of Legnago: the Milanese and the Free cities of the North defeat the German Emperor Barbarossa. Decline of the imperial rule over Italy.
1194 The German Swabian Dynasty bump off the Norman Dynasty in Sicily.
GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES (1198-1378)
1198 Birth of the political Parties: the Guelphs and the Ghibellines.
1202 The Venetians seize Zara (Dalmatia).
1204 Venetians and Crusaders destroy the Byzantine Empire. The Venetians (Enrico Dandolo) build a colonial empire in the Levant: Crete becomes a Venetian Colony.
1215 Under Pope Innocent III, the Papal States reach the climax of their power.
1223 The Islamic population of Sicily are forced to move to Lucera.
1224 First modern university (Naples).
1237 Battle of Cortenuova: the Milanese (Guelph) are defeated by the Ghibellines.
1248 At Parma Frederik, Emperor and King of Sicily, is defeated by the Guelphs.
1259 Battle of Cassano d’Adda: the chief of the Ghibellines, Ezzelino da Romano, is defeated and dies as prisoner in Soncino.
1260 Battle of Montaperti between Siena (Ghibelline) and Florence (Guelph).
1261 The Genoese build a colonial empire in the Levant and in Crimea
1266 Battle of Benevent: the Angevin Dynasty (Guelph) defeat the Swabian Dynasty (Ghibelline) and conquer the Kingdom of Sicily, whose capital becomes Naples.
1282 Revolt of Sicily against the Angevin Dynasty. The Aragones Dynasty comes to Sicily and rule from 1296 to 1409 as a Dynasty indipendent from Aragon.
1284 Struggle for Corsica. Naval battle of Meloria: Genoa defeats Pisa.
1289 Battle of Campaldino between Florence (Guelph) and Arezzo (Ghibelline).
1298 Struggle for the Levant. Naval battle of Curzola: Genoa defeats Venice.
1300 The Angevil general Giovanni da Lucera takes Lucera, last Islamic stronghold.
1309 The Papacy move from Rome to Avignon.
1311 The Visconti Dynasty take the power in Milan.
1331 Istria becomes Venetian.
1338 The poet Francesco petrarca writes the national poem (“De Affrica”).
1347 The dictator of Rome, Cola di Rienzo, proposes an Italian Confederation. His fall hinders him in his efforts to unify Italy.
1348 Short Hungarian occupation of Naples.
1377 The Papacy move from Avignon to Rome.
1378 – 1381 Great War (Chioggia War) between Genoa and Venice.
1386 The Venetians seize Corfu (Venetian colony until 1797).
THE AGE AF THE CONDOTTIERI (WAR LORDS) (1378-1499)
1378 Beginning of the Condottieri Age (Alberico da Barbiano).
1395 Gian Galeazzo Visconti “The Great” becomes Duke of Milan. He stablishes the Milanese “empire” (from Milan to Perugia) but his attempt to unify Italy ends with his death (1402). His sons restore the power of the family in Milan.
1409 – 1414 The attempt of the Angevin Dynasty to unufy Italy has no success.
1424 – 1433 Wars among the Italian States
1434 The Medici Dynasty take the power in Florence
1443 The Aragonese Dynasty seize Naples (end of Angevin Dynasty). Naples becomes the capital of all the Aragonese territories (until 1458).
1450 After the extinction of the Viscontis (1447), the Sforza Dynasty seize Milan.
1454 Peace of Lodi: 5 Powers (Milan, Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples).
1458 Naples becomes the capital of the Aragonese Kingdom pf Naples only.
1461 Failed French attack against Genoa.
1467 – 1468 War among the Italian States.
1470 – 1475 Turkish attacks to Eubea (Venetian) and to the Crimea (Genoese).
1480 – 1481 Turkish attempt to invade Italy (Otranto), stopped by the Neapolitans.
1482 – 1484 War among the Italian States.
1489 Cyprus becomes a Venetian colony. 1494 French invasion (Cherles VIII), Battle of Fornovo: the French leave Italy (1495).
1494 – 1498 Florence becomes for 4 years a theocratic State (Girolamo Savonarola).
THE FOREIGN INVASIONS (1499-1559)
1499 New French invasion (Louis XII). Venice supports France against Milan; Milan supports Turkey against Venice! Milan become French (1500).
1499 – 1503 The Condottiere Cesare Borgia tries to conquer Middle Italy for the Papal States but the death of his Father, Pope Alexander VI, puts an end to his attempt.
1504 After the abdication of the last Aragonese king of Naples (1501), Naples becomes Spanish. Spain rules over Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia.
1508 Battle of Agnadello: Venice is defeated by France, Spain, and the papal States.
1512 Milan becomes independent again.
1515 Battle of Melegnano: France and Venice defeat the Ewiss mercenaries of Milan. Milan become French again.
1522 Battle of Bicocca: Spain and the Papal States defeat France (allied with Venice). Milan becomes independent again (1522-1524) then French again (1524-1526).
1524 France forms an alliance with the Papal States and Venice against Spain.
1525 Battle of Pavia: Spain defeats France and the Papal States.
1526 Battle of Governolo: the last Condottiere, Giovanni Medici (Papal States), is defeated by the German troops of Emperor Charles V. Sack of Rome (1527).
1528 Admiral Andrea Doria (1468-1560) takes the power in Genoa.
1530 Battle of Gavinana: the Medici Dynasty is restored in Florence.
1535 The last duke of the Sporza Dynasty bequeaths Milan to Spain.
1542 Catholic Counter-Reformation. Birth of the Roman Inquisition.
1545 Birth of the Dukedom of Parma.
1554 – 1555 Florence (supported by Spain) seizes Siena (supported by France).
1556 Battle of Palliano: Spain defeats the Papal States. Decline of the Papal States.
THE ITALIAN STATES (1559 – 1796)
1563 Beginning of the rise of the Savoy Dynasty, whose capital becomes Turin.
1566 The Genoese lose the colony of Chios.
1569 Birth of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Medici Dynasty).
1571 The Turks conquer Cyprus (Venetian colony).
1571 Naval Battle of Lepanto: Spain and the Italian States against Turkey and Algiers.
1598 Birth of the Dukedom of Modena.
1608 – 1609 Tuscan expedition to South America.
1613 –1613 / 1628 – 1631 Wars for Montferrat between the Savoy Dynasty, Spain and France.
1635 Alliance France, Turin, Parma, Modena against Spain (struggles until 1640).
1645 – 1669 Venetian – Turkish war. The Turks conquer Crete (Venetian colony).
1684 Victor Amedeus II becomes Duke of Savoy.
1684 War between Venice and Turkey (until 1699).
1684 – 1685 War between Genoa and France.
1686 The Venetians seize Nauplia (wich becomes capital of the Venetian Peloponnese).
1690 Victor Amedeus II joins the Great Alliance against France and fights until 1696.
1695 – 1698 Five naval battles between Venetian Navy and the Turkish Navy.
1700 – 1714 War for the Spanish Succession. Victor Amedeus II in forced to ally himself with France, then (1703) he changes the front and joins the Austrians. Battle of Turin (1706): the Piedmontese and the Austrians defeat the French. In 1707 Milan and Naples become Austrian.
1715 The Turks seize Nauplia. End of the Venetian Peloponnese.
1717 Four naval battles between the Venetian Navy and the Turkish Navy.
1720 Victor Amedeus II becomes King of Piedmont – Sardinia (the capital is Turin).
1733 – 1735 War for the Polish Succession: the Kingdom of Sardinia and France against Austria. The piedmontese force the Austria garrison of Milan to surrender (1734).
1734 Birth of the Kingdom of Naples – Sicily (“Two Sicilies” beginning from 1816) under the Bourbon – Naples Dynasty.
1737 Extinction of the Medici Dynasty. The lorraine Dynasty take the power.
1737 – 1739 The Dukedom of Modena supports Austria against the Turks.
1740 – 1748 War for the Austrian Succession. The kingdom of sardinia forms an alliance with Austria; the Dukedom of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Kingdom of Naples – Sicily and the Republic of Genoa ally themselves with France.
1748 – 1792 Long period of peace. Enlightened reforms in all the Italian States. · The Garnd Duchy of Tuscany send a regiment to Austria in the 7 Years’ War. · The Republic of Genoa sells Corsica (almost fully in rebels’ hands) to France (1768). · Wxpedition of the Venetian admiral Angelo Emo against Tunisia (1784 – 1785)
THE NAPOLEONIC INVASIONS (1792-1815)
1792 Beginning of the war between the Revolutionary France and the Italian States.
1795 Tuscany signs a peace treaty with France.
1795 Naval battle of Noli: the British-Neapolitan fleet defeat the French fleet.
1796 First Napoleonic invasion: the Italian States are defeated (battle of Mondově). Armistice between France and Turin, Parma, Modena, Naples, Rome.
1797 The French put an end to the Republics of Venice and of Genoa.
1798 The French seize Rome and force the Savoy Dynasty to escape to Sardinia.
1799 The Kingdom of Naples-Sicily attacks France to restore the Papal States: French counter-offensive and fall of Naples. The Bourbon Dynasty escape to Sicily.
1799 Austro-Russian offensive. Collapse of the French system. A neapolitan people’s Army restore the Bourbon Dynasty in Naples.
1800 Second Napoleonic invasion. Battle of Marengo.
1801 The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is changed by France into a Kingdom of Etruria.
1805 Napoleon becomes “King of Italy” (capital of his Kingdom is Milan). The kingdom organizes an Army and a Navy to fight for Napoleon at every front.
1806 Anti-French guerrilla in North Italy.
1806 War between the Kingdom of Naples-Sicily and France. Battle of Campotenese. The Bourbon Dynasty escape to Sicily. Anti-French guerrilla in South Italy (till 1811).
1807 French annexation of Tuscany.
1808 Napoleone proclaims Joachim Murat “King of Naples” (he is executed in 1815).
1809 French annexation of Rome. Pope Pius VII is arrested by the French.
1809 - 1810 Anti-French guerrilla in North Italy.
1810 Collapse of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (April).
1814 Sicilian troops fight with the British against the French.
1815 Piedmontese troop (Gen. Vittorio De la Tour) invade South France (Lyon).
THE UNIFICATION (1815-1861)
1815 The Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Naples-Sicily (Two Sicilies) are victorius Powers. The other States are: the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Dukedom of Parma, the Dukedom of Modena, the Dukedom of Lucca (until 1847), and the Dukedom of Massa (until 1829). Austria control Milan and Venice.
1820 In Naples and in Turin two costitutionalist mevements are repressed by the respective Kings through the military intervention of the Austrians.
1831 A revolutionary movement, arisen in Modena, is repressed by the Austrian Army.
1839 First Italian railway (Naples-Portici).
1848 Sicily proclaims indipendence from Naples (until 1849).
1848 Revolt of Milan and of Venice against the Austrians. The King of Sardinia, Charles Albert, grants the constitution and decleares the war on Austria, supported by the other Italian States. Defeats of Custoza: the Austrians regain Milan (1848).
1849 Revolt of Rome against the Pope: Giuseppe Mazzini proclaims Roman Republic.
1849 New war between the Kingdom of Sardinia and Austria. Defeat of Novara.
1849 The Roman Republic is defeated by French who restore the Papal States.
1849 The Austrians regain Venice after a bloody siege. Count Camillo di Cavour becomes Premier of the Kingdom od Sardinia (until 1861).
1855 The Kingdom of sardinia forms an alliance with France, Britain, and Turkey against Russia (Crimea War). Victory of the Cernaja River.
1859 War: the Kingdom of Sardinia and France against Austria. Battle of Solferino. The Kingdom of Sardinia annex Milan, Parma, Modena, Bologna and Tuscany.
1860 Sicily landing of the revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi and his “Red Shirts” (May). Battle of Calatafimi, Palermo, Milazzo, Reggio Calabria: the “Red Shirts” advance until Naples. The Bourbon Dynasty escape to Gaeta (September). Battle of Volturno.
1860 – 1861 Civil War: the Kingdom of Sardinia (North Italy) against the Papal States (Middle Italy) and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (South Italy). Battle of Castelfidardo. The Papal States surrender at Ancona (september 1860). The Kingdom of Two Sicilies surrenders at Gaeta (February 1861).
1861 Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (March 17).
THE NEW KINGDOM OF ITALY (1861-1922)
1861 King Victor Emmanuel II, first king of modern Italy.
1861 – 1864 Reging of banditry in South Italy because of poverty.
1864 The Rat’s Island (Montevideo) becomes a base of the Italian Navy (until 1865).
1866 War. Italy and Prussia against Austria: battle of Custoza, naval battle of Lissa.
1866 Venice becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy.
1868 Birth of the “Corazzieri” (Cuirassiers), the Royal Guard.
1870 War between the King and the Pope. End of the Papals States.
1871 Rome becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.
1878 King Humbert I. THE HUMBERTINIAN AGE (1878-1900).
1879 Italy begins a colonial policy in Africa (Assab Bay/Red Sea).
1881 Exposition of Milan: Italy becomes an industrial country.
1882 Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).
1885 The Italians take Massawa (Red Sea).
1887 Battle of Dogali: Alula, Lord of Asmara (Eritrea) defeats the Italians.
1889 Italy begins a colonial policy in the Indian Ocean (Somalia).
1889 Italian Protectorate over Ethiopia.
1889 The Italians seize Asmara. Eritrea becomes Italy Colony (1890).
1892 Birth of the Socialist Party
1895 – 1896 War between Italy and Ethiopia. Adwa and end of the Italian Protectorate.
1896 First italian car (built by Enrico Bernardi).
1898 Massacre of Milan: the soldiers fire at demostration (100 victims).
1899 Italy begins a colonial policy in China (San Mun Bay).
1900 The anarchist Gaetano bresci kills King Humbert I at Monza.
1900 King Victor Emmanuel III.
1900 Italy takes part of the war against China.
1902 A part of Tien Tsin becomes Italian Concession (until 1943).
1903 Birth of the Italian Trade Unions.
1908 Somalia becomes Italian Colony.
1910 Birth of the Italian Air Force.
1911 – 1912 War between Italy and Turkey: Tripoli becomes Italian (1911).
1912 The Italians seize Rhodos and the “Dodecanese” (12 islands) (until 1945).
1913 Universal suffrage.
1913 The Italian Navy dress 21 battleships/cruisers heavier than 6,000 tons.
1914 Italy decleares neutrality (August 3).
WORD WAR (1915-1918)
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